publications_Grey-literature

Morato, T. and D. Pauly (eds). 2004. Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5), 78pp. executive summary     website

Morato, T.; W.W.L. Cheung and T.J. Pitcher. 2004. Vulnerability of seamount fish to fishing: fuzzy analysis of life history attributes. Pp. 51-60 in T. Morato and D. Pauly (eds). Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5). abstract     pdf     appendix

Watson, R. and T. Morato. 2004. Exploitation patterns in seamount fisheries: a preliminary analysis. Pp. 61-66 in T. Morato and D. Pauly (eds). Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5). abstract     pdf     appendix

Amorim, P.; G. Duarte; M. Guerra; T. Morato and K.A. Stobberup. 2004 . Preliminary Ecopath model of the Guinea-Bissau continental shelf ecosystem (NW-Africa). Pp. 76-94 in Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly (eds). West african marine ecosystems: models and fisheries impacts. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(7).

Morato, T. 2003. Seamounts - hotspots of marine life. ICES Newsletter 40: 4-6. website     pdf

Amorim, P.; G. Duarte; M. Guerra; T. Morato and K.A. Stobberup. (in press). The Guinea-Bissau Continental Shelf Ecosystem: an exercise on simulating the effects of fishing. Symposium Proceedings "Marine fisheries, ecosystems and societies in West Africa: half a century of change". ACP-EU Fisheries Dakar, Senegal, 24 to 28 June 2002.

Morato, T. and T. Pitcher 2002. Challenges and problems in modelling seamount ecosystems and their fisheries. ICES 2002/M:8, 28pp. abstract     pdf

Amorim P.; G. Duarte; M. Guerra; T. Morato and K.A. Stobberup. 2002. Preliminary Ecopath model of the Guinea-Bissau continental shelf ecosystem (NW-Africa). Pp. 73-90 in D. Pauly; M.L. Palomares and J.N. Vakily (eds.). 2002. Mass-balance trophic models of Northwest African marine ecosystems. SIAP Tech. Doc. (SIAP/EP/DT/03) 3, 146pp. abstract     pdf

Tempera, F.; P. Afonso; T. Morato and R.S. Santos. 2002. Marine biological communities around Corvo Island. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 52pp. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Comunidades Biológicas da Envolvente Marinha do Corvo)

Tempera, F.; F. Cardigos; P. Afonso; T. Morato; M.J. Pitta; S. Gubbay and R.S. Santos. 2002. Technical and scientific proposal for management plans for the Site of Community Interest Costa e Caldeirão do Corvo. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 57pp. (in Portuguese). abstract     pdf
(original title: Proposta Técnico-Científica de Gestão da Envolvente Marinha do Corvo)

Guénette, S. and T. Morato. 2001. The Azores archipelago in 1997. Pp. 241-270 in S. Guénette; V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds). Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic ecosystems: models and analyses. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia, 9(4). abstract     pdf     errata

Morato, T.; S. Guénette and T. Pitcher. 2001. Fisheries of the Azores, 1982-1999. Pp. 214-220 in D. Zeller; R. Watson; T. Pitcher and D. Pauly (eds). Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, effort and national/regional data sets. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia, 9(3): 214-220. abstract     pdf

Tempera, F.; P. Afonso; T. Morato; S. Gubbay; T. Dentinho; F. Cardigos; M.J. Pitta and R.S. Santos 2001. Technical and scientific proposal for management plans for the Site of Community Interest (SCI) Ilhéus das Formigas and Recife Dollabarat. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 17pp. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Proposta Técnico-Científica de Ordenamento do Sítio de Interesse Comunitário Ilhéus das Formigas e Recife Dollabarat)

Tempera, F.; P. Afonso; T. Morato; S. Gubbay; T. Dentinho; F. Cardigos; M.J. Pitta and R.S. Santos. 2001. Technical and scientific proposal for management plans for the Site of Community Interest Canal Faial-Pico. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 76pp. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Proposta Técnico-Científica de Gestão dos Sítios de Interesse Comunitário do Canal Faial-Pico)

Tempera, F.; P. Afonso; T. Morato; R. Prieto; M. Silva; A. Cruz; J. Gonçalves and R.S. Santos. 2001. Marine biological communities of the Site of Community Interest (SCI) Canal Faial-Pico. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 95pp (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Comunidades Biológicas dos Sítios de Interesse Comunitário do Canal Faial-Pico)

Tempera, F.; P. Afonso; T. Morato and R.S. Santos. 2001. Marine biological communities of the Site of Community Interest (SCI) Ilhéus das Formigas e Recife Dollabarat. Project Maré (LIFE-NATURE B4-3200/98-508), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, 43pp. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Comunidades Biológicas do Sítio de Interesse Comunitário Ilhéus das Formigas e Recife Dollabarat)

Morato-Gomes, T.; E. Sola; M.P. Grós; G. Menezes and M.R. Pinho 1998. Trophic relationships and feeding habits of demersal fishes from the Azores: importance to multispecies assessment. ICES CM 1998/O:7. 21pp. abstract     pdf

Morato-Gomes, T.; P. Grós; G.M. Menezes and H.M. Silva (1997). Demersal survey cruises in the Azores: feeding habits, 1996. Arquivos do DOP, Série Estudos 2/97. 73pp. ISSN 0873-285x. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Cruzeiros Científicos de Demersais nos Açores Hábitos Alimentares, 1996)

Morato-Gomes, T.; P. Grós; G.M. Menezes and H.M. Silva (1997). Implementation of feeding habits studies in the demersal survey cruises. Arquivos do DOP, Série: Cruzeiros 1/97. 13pp. ISSN 0873-2876. (in Portuguese) abstract     pdf
(original title: Implementação de estudos de hábitos alimentares nos Cruzeiros Científicos de Demersais)

CIPA and UCTRA (eds) 1997. Final report of the mission to the Archipelago of Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), May-June 1995. Marine biology and Fisheries. Documento Científico, CIPA 10: 62pp + anexos. Bissau. (reported prepared by E. Esteves, T. Morato-Gomes, E. Jardim, T. Teixeira, J. Abníbal; in Portuguese). abstract     pdf

Esteves, E and T. Morato-Gomes 1997. Marine zoo-plankton of the Bijagós archipelago (Guinea-Bissau ) in relation to selected oceanographic conditions. In: Pp 27-37. CIPA and UCTRA (eds). Final report of the mission to the Archipelago of Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), May-June 1995. Marine biology and Fisheries. Documento Científico, CIPA 10: 62pp + anexos. Bissau. (in Portuguese). abstract     pdf

Morato-Gomes, T. and E. Esteves 1997. Physical and chemical characterization of the seawater of the Bijagós archipelago (Guinea-Bissau). In: Pp 7-14. CIPA and UCTRA (eds). Final report of the mission to the Archipelago of Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), May-June 1995. Marine biology and Fisheries. Documento Científico, CIPA 10: 62pp + anexos. Bissau. (in Portuguese). abstract     pdf

Teixeira, T. and T. Morato-Gomes 1997. Intertidal benthic macrofauna of the Anegue beach (Canogo island, Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau). In: Pp 39-43. CIPA and UCTRA (eds). Final report of the mission to the Archipelago of Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), May-June 1995. Marine biology and Fisheries. Documento Científico, CIPA 10: 62pp + anexos. Bissau. (in Portuguese). abstract     pdf

Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries
Morato, T. and D. Pauly (eds). Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5), 78pp.

Executive summary (by Daniel Pauly)
This report, assembled by a group of researchers at the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, and colleagues in San Diego, USA and Kiel, Germany, reviews present knowledge on seamounts, the underwater mountains dotting the bottom of the world's oceans, and home to a rich, if fragile, diversity of organisms. One definition of seamounts identifies them as reaching at least a thousand meters (about 3000 ft) from the sea floor. Of volcanic origin, seamounts can be visualized as thin cones reaching up, but not fully breaching the sea surface, and supporting often isolated, but rich underwater ecosystems, now increasingly threatened by unregulated fishing.
Due to their narrow base, seamounts can be distinguished from other underwater structures only on high-resolution sea bottom maps. The first contribution in the report, by Adrian Kitchingman and Sherman Lai, identifies and discusses the distribution of over 14,000 seamounts in the world oceans. However, it can be assumed that they would have located more seamounts, had one of the presently classified, high-resolution global sea bottom maps been available to them. About half of the seamounts they identified occurred within the 200 mile economic zones (EEZs) of maritime countries, a theme to which we shall return.
Only a few dozen seamounts have been thoroughly investigated in terms of the animals they contain. Karen Stocks, based on the SeamountsOnline database, which she briefly presents, reviews the knowledge on the invertebrates, emphasizing the high fraction of endemic species occurring on seamounts, i.e., species with narrow ranges, occurring only on one, or a few closely packed seamounts. She also highlights the tendency for seamount invertebrates to take the bushy shape of plants, optimal for capturing drifting food items, but which renders them extremely vulnerable to trawl nets and other fishing implements. Rainer Froese, based on FishBase, the global online fish database, lists and reviews the fishes of seamounts and, based on the typical properties (notably high longevity) of species that have been studied, infers a high potential vulnerability of seamount fish to fishing. These analyses are the most comprehensive reviews of seamount species to date.
The theme of fish vulnerability is expanded in the next two contributions, one by William W. L. Cheung, Tony Pitcher and Daniel Pauly, who developed a new, rigorous method for inferring vulnerabilities from a wide array of features of fish species, and compared this new method with existing approaches, to which it is superior. The second, by Telmo Morato, William W. L. Cheung and Tony Pitcher, applies this new approach to a comparison between seamount fishes and all other marine fishes in FishBase, and shows seamount fishes to be, indeed, far more vulnerable to overexploitation by fishing than representative species of other habitat types. That these considerations are not mere academic exercises is illustrated by the analysis of existing seamount fisheries catch data by Reg Watson and Telmo Morato, which confirms that seamount fisheries - most of which use bottom trawl gear - induce rapid depletions of their resource base, and generally lack sustainability. This puts on a global basis the previous, rather depressing case studies that had been extracted from well-studied and seemingly 'well-managed' seamount fisheries.
The high vulnerability of seamount organisms to fisheries indicates a strong need for seamounts to be protected, both in terms of the biodiversity they contain, and in terms of sustaining their quickly-depleted fisheries resource. Jackie Alder and Louisa Wood show, on the other hand, that very few seamounts are presently protected, even though, as mentioned above, many of them occur within the EEZ of maritime countries. With approximately half occurring in international waters, beyond these zones of national jurisdiction, the responsibility to conserve seamounts as part of the global common heritage belongs to all nations. Clearly, this represents a challenge for the international community and individual countries wishing to conserve the precious biodiversity of these islands of the deep.
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Vulnerability of seamount fish to fishing: fuzzy analysis of life history attributes.
Morato, T.; W.W.L. Cheung and T.J. Pitcher. 2004. Pp. 51-60 in T. Morato and D. Pauly (eds). Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5).

Abstract
Based on life history and ecological characteristics, several authors have placed seamount fishes at the extreme end of the vulnerability spectrum. However, it was still unclear if there is justification for the generalization that seamount fishes overall possess specific life-history characteristics that render them more vulnerable to fishing than other species. In this contribution, we test the hypothesis that seamount fishes generally have a high vulnerability to fishing, and that this is correlated with their life-history characteristics. Despite rather broad definitions, our global analysis shows that seamount fishes, particularly seamount-aggregating fishes, have higher intrinsic vulnerability than other groups of marine fishes. The pattern is similar when we considered only commercially exploited species. Biological characteristics leading to greater vulnerability of seamount fishes include a long lifespan, late sexual maturation, slow growth and low natural mortality. In light of our research, this experience supports that seamount fishes, especially those that aggregate on seamounts, are highly vulnerable to exploitation and that fishing on seamount will tend to be unsustainable, given current levels of exploitation and current fishing methods. A number of seamount populations have already been depleted. More will be depleted and some will go extinct if fishing on seamounts continues at current, or even more moderate levels.
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Exploitation patterns in seamount fisheries: a preliminary analysis.
Watson, R. and T. Morato. 2004. Pp. 61-66 in T. Morato and D. Pauly (eds). Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Report 12(5).

Abstract
Serious stock depletion on continental shelves helped create new pressure for alternative fishing grounds. In particular, seamounts were among those 'newly' targeted ecosystems that have been intensively fished since the second half of the 20th century. But what are the seamount fisheries? How have their catches changed in recent years? Can we map where these catches are taken? This paper describes the progress of this work. Most seamount species are also found on the continental slope, making the allocation of reported catches to specific seamounts difficult. Thus, future mapping of landings will require species distributions that allow proportioning of catches between slope areas and those taken on seamounts. Catches of fishes identified as mostly occurring on seamounts only began in 1967, initially with the Orange roughy fishery. The catches of these species have only continued because new seamounts with harvestable stocks were discovered as fisheries collapsed, and because new stocks or species were targeted. A pattern of successive rapid development and decline is evident. While the percent of fisheries that collapsed is somewhat similar for seamount species and those not associated with seamounts, it is obvious that those fisheries that are based on species found only on seamounts have collapsed with greater frequency and had poorer recovery. This points towards the conclusion that not only seamount fisheries, but deep-water trawling in general, may not be sustainable in the long term.
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Challenges and problems in modelling seamount ecosystems and their fisheries.
Morato, T. and T. Pitcher 2002. ICES 2002/M:8, 28pp.

Abstract
The ecological and oceanographic importance of seamounts for the status of marine food webs and biodiversity has recently been recognized. Seamounts have been intensively exploited in all world oceans, and serious stock depletion has been detected in every case. Resident seamount fish are mostly slow-growing and late-reproducing while transient migratory fish also rely on seamount food webs, so that the impact of overfishing raises serious concerns. Moreover, trawling threatens the integrity of benthic habitats. The prevention of further negative impacts on these sensitive ecosystems is now an important policy objective. Because of the extensive trophic links on seamounts, ecosystem-based modelling approaches are essential to understand the ecosystem functioning and to ensure an effective management. However, there have been few attempts to model seamount communities. This talk will discuss the problems associated with modelling seamount ecosystems using the Ecopath-with-Ecosim framework. We propose modelling approaches to seamount processes such as the influences of peculiar current patterns on the seamount system and complex food web structure depending on advective food supplies. The hypothesis that the aggregating fish stocks on seamounts are supported from external sources was supported by the Ecopath models.
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Preliminary Ecopath model of the Guinea-Bissau continental shelf ecosystem (NW-Africa).
Amorim P.; G. Duarte; M. Guerra; T. Morato and K.A. Stobberup. 2002. In D. Pauly; M.L. Palomares and J.N. Vakily (eds.). 2002. Mass-balance trophic models of Northwest African marine ecosystems. SIAP Tech. Doc. (SIAP/EP/DT/03) 3, 146pp.

Abstract
Several studies have been undertaken in Guinea-Bissau on different topics ranging from primary production to fisheries, but none have integrated the different compartments on a global ecosystem perspective. An ecosystem model for the Guinea-Bissau continental shelf and adjacent areas is presented aiming to provide an important tool for the understanding of ecosystem dynamics in a multi-species context. The model refers to the period between 1990 and 1992, and covered an area of 40816 km2, located between 11° and 12° 30'N. A total of 32 ecological groups were included in the model, relying heavily on the exploited part of the ecosystem. The groups consist of marine mammals, seabirds, turtles, 15 fish groups, 10 invertebrates groups, 2 primary producers, discards and detritus.
A considerable effort went into the process of estimating basic growth parameters (Linf,Winf), consumption, and mortality rates for 166 fish species. These species, which considered both dominant species in terms of biomass and importance to the fisheries, accounted for 96% of the demersal fish biomass estimated by trawl surveys.
The preliminary biomass estimates by the model is apparently in agreement with values given in literature. The overall analyses of the mixed impact factors shows that prey species have the highest positive impact on their predators, and that groups have negative impacts on themselves, indicating within group competition for resources. Several groups have negative impacts on fisheries, resulting from direct or indirect competition for resources.
Future developments of the Guinea-Bissau model should consider improving the estimation of catches and discards, un-reported shark catches, the creation of separate groups for commercially important species, and compilation of more information, mainly on top predators and benthos groups.
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The Azores archipelago in 1997.
Guénette, S. and T. Morato. 2001. Pp. 241-270 in S. Guénette; V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds). Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic ecosystems: models and analyses. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia, 9(4).

Abstract
The Azores Archipelago consists of a small shelf surrounded by a large component of deep oceanic waters dotted with seamounts. The present model is structured by depth and constitutes a first step in applying the Ecopath modeling approach to Atlantic seamounts. It is the result of a collaborative effort with several researchers of the University of the Azores. The model is composed of 43 functional groups including 26 groups of fish classified according to their size and their preferred depth range. Suggestions for future developments are presented.
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Fisheries of the Azores, 1982-1999.
Morato, T.; S. Guénette and T. Pitcher. 2001. Pp. 214-220 in D. Zeller; R. Watson; T. Pitcher and D. Pauly (eds). Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, effort and national/regional data sets. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia, 9(3): 214-220.

Abstract
Catch statistics are presented for the Azores Islands (Portugal) by type of fishery. These data were compared with the official ICES statistics (STATLANT) for the years 1982-1999. This represents the time period for which detailed catch statistics have been collected in the Azores. For each fishery, the proportion of under-reported catch is estimated. The fisheries in the Azores are dominated by tuna landings, although several demersal and deep-water species are also targeted. The latter have increased in importance in recent years.
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Trophic relationships and feeding habits of demersal fishes from the Azores: importance to multispecies assessment.
Morato-Gomes, T.; E. Sola; M.P. Grós; G. Menezes and M.R. Pinho 1998. ICES CM 1998/O:7. 21pp.

Abstract
The feeding habits of several commercial demersal fishes of the Azores (fork-beard, Phycis phycis; slender alfonsino, Beryx splendens, board alfonsino, B. decadactylus; axillary sea-bream, Pagellus acarne; tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus; conger eel, Conger conger; silver scabbardfish, Lepidopus caudatus; black spot sea-bream, Pagellus bogaraveo and thornback ray, Raja clavata) were studied as part of a large research program that aims to assess the Azorean multispecies demersal fishery. Data was collected during the demersal cruise surveys that took place aboard the R/V "Arquipélago" during the spring of 1996. Fish stomach contents were analysed to infer biological interactions between these species through their diet composition. The diet composition results permit the identification of four major groups. The first group is composed of the fork-beard and the thornback ray, which are nocturnal benthic predators. The second group consists of the top predators (tope shark, conger eel and silver scabbardfish). The third group contains the alfonsinos and is closely related to the the sea-breams which make up the fourth group. Both alfonsinos and sea-breams are generalist feeders displaying vertical feeding migrations. The existence or intensity of competition between fish species, and whether or not food is any way limiting, cannot be ascertained from the data presented in this paper. However, interspecies predation on pre- or postrecruits was not significantly observed.
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Demersal survey cruises in the Azores: feeding habits, 1996.
Morato-Gomes, T.; P. Grós; G.M. Menezes and H.M. Silva. 1997. Arquivos do DOP, Série Estudos 2/97. 73pp. ISSN 0873-285x. (in Portuguese)
(original title: Cruzeiros Científicos de Demersais nos Açores Hábitos Alimentares, 1996)

Abstract
The present work is a first approach to the study of the diet of some important demersal fishes of the Azores, with a special attention to species interactions: forkbeard (Phycis phycis), alfonsinos (Beryx splendens and B. decadactylus), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus), conger ell (Conger conger), silver scabbardfish (Lepidopus caudatus), black spot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) and thornback ray (Raja clavata). A total of 5314 fishes were sampled during a wider research program aimed to study the Azorean Demersal Fisheries using longline onboard the R/V "Arquipélago" during the Spring of 1996. The diet composition, main preferred prey, ontogenic patterns, depth and geographical changes in the feeding habits are described. Concerning species interactions, four main groups were identified. Tope shark, conger ell and silver scabbardfish are the top predators among demersal fishes. Forkbeard and thornback ray are nocturne benthic predators. Both alfonsinos and seabreams are generalist feeders displaying feeding vertical migrations. However, alfonsinos are predominantly water column feeders while seabreams feed primarily on benthic organisms. Commercial important fishes were not observed in the stomach contents of all studied species. .
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Implementation of feeding habits studies in the demersal survey cruises.
Morato-Gomes, T.; P. Grós; G.M. Menezes and H.M. Silva. 1997. Arquivos do DOP, Série: Cruzeiros 1/97. ISSN 0873-2876. (in Portuguese)
(original title: Implementação de estudos de hábitos alimentares nos Cruzeiros Científicos de Demersais)

Abstract
A wide stomach sampling program was accomplished during the Demersal Survey Cruise (ARQDAÇO-06-P96) aiming to evaluate future implementation of feeding habits studies during the survey cruise and to develop a preliminary study of the feeding habits of some demersal species of the Azores. Methodology used seemed appropriate for the established frame of work. Some improvements are suggested in order to optimize the porcedure and develop future work in this field. Procedures and sampling routines are presented for helpfull guidance.
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Final report of the mission to the Archipelago of Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), May-June 1995. Marine biology and Fisheries.
Documento Científico, CIPA, 10, 62pp. Bissau. (reported prepared by E. Esteves; T. Morato-Gomes; E. Jardim; T. Teixeira; J. Abníbal. in Portuguese)
(Original title: Relatorio Final da Missão ao Arquipélago dos Bijagós (Guiné-Bissau), Maio-Junho de 1995: Biologia e Pesca )

Abstract
Results of the joint Guinean-Bissau (CIPA)/Portuguese (UCTRA) marine sciences survey in the Bijagós Archipelago (Guinea-Bissau) carried out in May-June 1995 are presented in this report. Data analysed included water physico-chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, and pH), plankton samples, intertidal benthic macrofauna and artisanal fisheries. The system has lower salinity and higher temperature than the values referred for open oceanic waters. Nutrient concentration vary widely across the Archipelago. Phytoplankton abundance is greater in the periphery of the Archipelago. The day-night abundance distribution of phytoplankton seems more related to tidal influence than with hour of sampling. Malacostraceans determine the global variability of the zooplankton community. A day-night rhythm of the zooplankton abundance could be depicted from the eulerian sampling plan at the Canogo station. Integrated analysis of the oceanographic data collected does not permit to establish inter-relationships among factors. Of the benthic macrofauna identified at the Anegue Beach (Canogo island) sampling sites, Bivalvia (namely family Cardiidae) were found in greater numbers. Abundance and diversity were higher within tidal-limits. Artisanal fishing gears used in the archipelago are described and commented. Biological and fishery-related data were analysed. Length-weight relationships for four Mugilidae species were computed.
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